Comfort Theory Research Paper

I chose this scenario which is appropriate for the application of Kolcaba’s Comfort theory: You are a nurse on an inpatient oncology unit. Your patient is a 72-year-old competent male who has been told his cancer is terminal and that further treatment is unlikely to have any benefit. He accepts that and would like to explore hospice. However, his two adult children insist that he should continue chemotherapy and fight on and they tell you not to discuss with him or get a consult for hospice. Specific Concepts of the Theory In order to address this scenario I used the middle range theory of Comfort and its specific concepts. This paper aims to describe the Comfort Theory, its application to the health care setting and areas for potential research and its relevance to the health care system. Comfort is an immediate desirable outcome that leads to excellent care in the nursing profession. Comfort is a vital part of the treatment and recovery of patients. Comfort is a cause of relief from discomfort, a state of ease and peaceful satisfaction, a state of comfort and whatever makes life pleasurable. (Kolcaba & Kolcaba, 1991). This theory addresses the most relevant issues in the nursing kingdom. Using this theory not just for patients, but for nurses will improve recruitment and retention rates of skilled health care professionals. Providing comfort is a necessity in the care of clients on inpatient oncologic unit. Currently, comfort is being viewed as a last result for terminally ill patients and not used as a standard hospital protocol or prophylactically to improve client’s health status. The main purpose of Comfort Theory is to improve patient’s satisfaction and outcomes as well as improve institutional integrity. As a middle range theory, Comfort theory is practically based and an be used in direct response to this specific clinical scenario that we as the advanced nurse practitioner will participate. (Peterson & Bredow, 2009). Overview of the Theory and Utility in Nursing Practice The theory of Comfort can be utilized to guide and enhance nursing practice. In her theory she describes holistic comfort in three different forms: relief, ease and transcendence as the immediate experience of being strengthened by having these necessary forms in four contexts: physical, psycho-spiritual, socio-cultural which incorporate cultural traditions and family, and environmental. Goodwin, Sener & Steiner, 2007). Relief is when the patient has had a comfort need met. Ease is defined as a state of contentment, and transcendence is a state of comfort in which clients are able to rise above their challenges. (March & McCormack, 2009). The psycho-spiritual context refers to comfort of one’s identity, sexuality, self esteem and any other spiritual relationship with a higher being. Socio-cultural comfort arises from interpersonal and societal relationships along with family. (Kolcaba, Tilton & Drouin, 2006). The author created a taxonomic structure of three types of comfort integrated with the four contexts of experience, into a 12?cell grid. The grid is useful for assessing patient’s needs, planning interventions and evaluating their effectiveness, and helps to contribute to the understanding and utility of the theory. (Peterson & Bredow, 2009). Kolcaba’s proposes that when clients and family members feel more comfortable, they will engage in more health seeking behaviors which include internal and external behaviors and a peaceful death. Internal behaviors occur at the cellular level, such as immune functioning. External behaviors refer to activities of daily living and health maintenance programs. When patients and family members are engaging in more health seeking behaviors as a result of increased comfort due to interventions, members of the health care team will be more content, will ultimately perform better and improve institutional outcomes such as reduced costs of care, reduced length of stay, enhanced financial stability and increased patient satisfaction. (Peterson and Bredow, 2009). Regarding the relevance to nursing practice, comfort is a positive outcome that is linked to an increase in health seeking behaviors and to positive institutional outcomes (Kolcaba & DiMarco, 2005). Nurses are constantly utilizing the comfort mechanisms and try to move patients towards the transcendence phase. Psychospiritual needs include teaching confidence and motivation through discomfort. Ways that nurses can implement comfort measures are through massage, allowing visitation, caring touch and continued encouragement (Kolcaba & DiMarco, 2005). Sociocultural comfort needs are the needs for cultural sensitive reassurance and positive body language. Nurses can provide these needs through coaching, encouragement, and explaining procedures. Nurses can help patients achieve the environmental comfort by lowering the lights, closing the doors, interrupting sleep minimally and limiting loud noise around the patients rooms (Kolcaba & DiMarco, 2005). Nurses document patient’s states before and after the use of comfort measures to verify if they are improving or worsening the client’s condition. Nurses knowing a patient’s condition can provide comfort measures to prevent negative outcomes. If a patient is requesting hospice care, a nurse may be aware of the possibility of achieve this goal. If the nurse notices an increase in pain, facial grimacing and anxiety, the nurse may realize that he should make some arrangements for hospice care. The nurse could also provide massage, guided imagery or other interventions based on the type of terminal cancer and intensity of the pain. Being able to determine when comfort measures are useful is vital to improving the quality of patient care. When patients are more comfortable, they are more likely to engage in health seeking behaviors, and to comply with medications and exercise regimes, increased compliance with prescribed diets and more peaceful deaths when palliative care is the appropriate goal. (March & McCormack, 2009). When patients increase their health seeking behaviors, nurses are more satisfied and improve their quality of care which increases the institutional integrity, and enhances the care of all health care professionals. Meaning of the Theory I think the theory means that the role of nursing includes the assessment of comfort needs, the design of comfort actions to address those requirements, and the re-evaluation of comfort levels after accomplishment. In the model of Comfort, nursing is described as the process of assessing the patient's comfort requirements, developing and implementing suitable plans of care, and evaluating the client's comfort after the care plans have been approved. Nursing Appraisal can be objective, such as the inspection of the pale skin in our competent male client with cancer, or subjective, such as asking if he is comfortable. The Theory of Comfort considers patients to be individuals, families, institutions, or communities in need of health care. The environment can be manipulated by a nurse or loved one in order to enhance comfort. In my opinion this theory is one of the fastest growing areas of current nursing theory improvement, and the most promising. The comfort theory can be applied to patients of all ages, cultures backgrounds, or communities. It is also applicable to patients in the hospital, clinic or home. I believe that comfort is a positive concept and is associated with activities that nurture and fortify clients. Review of the Research The Comfort theory has been tested in many settings, used as a basis of study and evaluated in several researches. It is necessary for this theory to be in the forefront of health care and research because it can greatly enhance patient outcomes. Though it has not necessarily been tested in all of these areas, it can be used to enhance any person’s health status in any practice setting. The nurse researcher employing this theory will find it very useful because of its ease of application. The researcher can take this theory and apply it to whatever setting and it is easily tested with a variety of instruments including, General Comfort Questionnaire, Shortened General Comfort Questionnaire, Visual Analogue Scales and Comfort Behavior Checklists. It provides direction for performance review, outcomes research and quality improvement (Kolcaba, Tilton & Drouin, 2006). As a middle range theory it has fewer concepts and propositions than a grand theory, is easily testable, easily applicable and interpreted and more narrow in scope. The theory has a low level of abstraction. This theory is still in early development. Concepts, propositions, and outcomes of comfort are operationalized easily using the taxonomic structure of comfort. The theory is still being tested and applied to a wider institutional approach. Because Kolcaba’s theory has still not been adapted in all of the researched settings, the benefits and outcomes are currently just speculated. Research of this theory is ongoing and constantly evolving. The theory is broad in scope because it can be applied to a variety of patient settings and patients of all ages and backgrounds. The theory can be viewed as being narrow in scope because it focuses solely on patient and families. However, it is easily extrapolated to other areas of practice. Once this occurs, the theory will be mainly viewed as being broad in scope. Researchers can test the benefits of comfort on learning. This theory does not necessarily have to involve just health care settings; it can be implemented in any field with any member of the health care team (Goodwin, Sener & Steiner, 2007). Her theory is easily interpreted and applicable to patient settings. A traditional goal of nursing has been to attend to patient comfort. Patients expect this from nurses and give them credit when comfort is delivered. Through deliberate actions of nurses, patients receive what they need and want from their nurses. The theory provides directionality for nursing practice because it provides measurable outcomes. However, the author mainly provides examples of comfort measures and how these work in the hospital. The author also relates comfort measures to improving health?seeking behaviors and benefiting institutions and institutional integrity. The theory addresses comfort and how it can improve patient outcomes, but fails to expand adequately on how these comfort measures can be used outside of the hospital setting. Many researchers are taking the Comfort Theory and extrapolating it to be useful in other health care settings. Comfort theory tested by nursing research all the relationships between nursing interventions, patient comfort, health seeking behaviors and institutional integrity. Finally the theory include all health care providers and implemented as an institution-wide framework for practice. (Peterson & Bredow, 2009). Applications of the Theory and Solutions for the Scenario I apply the theory and developed specific solutions for the issues that are raised in the scenario: It is significant to specify if nurses and other health care providers implement this theory into their practice, patient outcomes will significantly improve. This theory will not only enhance patient results, but it will help prevent imminent medical problems. We as a nurse assess the physical, psychospiritual, sociocultural and environmental needs of the clients, for example looking at deficits in the physiological mechanisms of this very ill patient due to an inoperable cancer. Some physical comfort needs that can be treated without medications include pain, vomiting, anxiety and weakness. We can use different interventions to help alleviate these problems and increase patient satisfaction. The theory describes nursing practice as being holistic, humanistic and needs related. It describes different nursing interventions intended to promote comfort for the patients provided by nurses. This theory differentiates nursing from other health related disciplines by demonstrating the different types of comforting measures provided by the health care team. There is a role play in seeking the client’s comfort by all members caring for the patient, including the client himself seeking his relief in a hospice once he attain the comfort level desired through participating in his quick recovery and exploring for a hospice. In this scenario, it will be the role of the nurses to help the client to achieve the desired comfort level by teaching the family members related to the convenience of the hospice care. We will explain the necessity of stop the chemotherapy. Lack of teaching in this extreme case may result to lack of comfort and lack of peace in the event of terminal illness and death. These solutions lead to recovery at a faster pace. It is crucial the provision of good environment to ensure that the client receives plenty comfort for his recovery. Therefore, the nurse play the leading role of identifying the client’s comfort needs, and design interventions to address those needs. With certain comfort level the client acquires strength to participate in health seeking behaviors and if not, encounter peaceful death. If specific comfort needs of a patient are met, the patient experiences relief and comfort, for example, a patient who receives pain medication in an inpatient oncologic unit. Ease addresses comfort in a state of contentment. For example, the patient's concerns of hospice care are addressed. Positive outcomes are achieved through the cooperation of all parties involved. The client should be cooperative to gain the desired energy in a comfortable manner, or die in a peaceful way due to his comfort level, if death occurs. Conclusions about Usefulness of the theory in Nursing Practice Kolcaba’s middle range theory of Comfort is applicable to all areas of the healthcare field and other nursing situations since it is currently patient and family centered. The theory is formulated to provide guidance for everyday practice and scholarly research rooted in the nursing education comforting the learner or student in an educational environment. This theory was created to guide for the assessment, dimension, and appraisal of patient comfort. There are a lot of benefits we can get in learning and applying Kolcaba’s Theory of Comfort as it promotes understanding and collaboration between health care team members addressing the current shortage in health care team. In addition, it will improve societal acceptance of the health institution and increase patient satisfaction. (March & McCormack, 2009) It is important to denote the application of it to an institution wide approach. I consider a limitation that Kolcaba restricts the use of interventions to provide comfort as a function of nurses. It is focused on a limited dimension of the reality of nursing. (March & McCormack, 2009). In the role of providing comfort, the nurses need to meet the basic physical, psychosocial and spiritual human needs throughout client comprehension to their experience. Theory of Comfort has a real potential to direct the work and thinking of all health care providers within one institution since, it appears that the comfort is always present in all culture and appropriate universal goal for healthcare. It is a middle-range theory for health practice, education, and research. (Malinowski & Stamler, 2002).

Work for something

â€Å"Hannah Paramour, on keeping Strengths from Running Amok â€Å"The New York Time Business Day Bryant starts the article by introducing Hannah Paramour , which is the present of Paramour , the digital Agency . The article then goes in to a series of question asked by Bryant to Paramour, the first question asked was where you In leadership roles when you were younger . Paramour answered the question by saying that if you asked her mother or teacher in high school she would know as being a rebel , but always in charge and that everyone in her family is always willing to take on unreasonable mount of responsibility.Bryant then followed that question up with asking what Paramour study in college at that time she told him she was a classical- piano major because she had studied the Plano her whole life and that she found out in college that while practicing one thing for three hours a day eight hours a day was something new and was a whole other thing. Paramour felt that it didn't f it her personality and that she had a certain level of skill but it wasn't what she really wanted to do and she was going to have to figure how to make money so she never graduated and went right to work.Bryant then asked what work she did and was told that she had terrible Jobs for the longest time and they all were Just at an entry- level. Paramour said that when she started working for a life Insurance estate- planning she started to get promoted very fast but still wasn't happy and was getting the work done but aggressive and there was a lot of passive-aggressive going on, and that it felt weird because she kept getting promoted. Paramour says that once dot- comes came along she got an opportunity with a startup cityscapes. Mom and that it was exciting and new and got to try new things. Paramour also says that she learned a lot about transparency and getting people aligned behind a goal and letting them know what's going on In the organization. At that time she decided to start her own business and that she didn't have a great business plan but decided being on her own was safer and that she learned she didn't want to be with any company that want going to deliver what they said they would.Bryant then asked what Paramour has learned about culture as her company has grown she answered saying by asking have you heard the theory that weakness is a strength taken too far. Then said the best examples would be that they allowed dog In the office and at one point they had nine dogs In the office and at one point she Just had clarity no more dogs. She says you do the little things to build culture in a company but you have to be k with saying something may have went too far.Bryant then goes on asking about the hiring, interview process and is Paramour could interview somebody in five minutes what she would asked she answer by saying she's not the best interviewer because she is very optimistic and she tend to project herself on other to try and sell them. But she always goes through the core values and explain how they were written and responsibility.Paramour then goes on to say if she could interview someone for only five minutes she would ask â€Å"how old where you when you got your first Job â€Å"the reason she says she would ask this is because she would rather have someone that ad to work all throughout college then someone who got scholarship and right to MBA program then she would ask why they left their old Job Just to see if they told the truth. The last question asked by Bryant was what advice would you give to allege student the answer was get a Job, get started because most people don't know what their passion is Just starting out.Paramour ended with that she had ability to see trends and that she was fast at solving problems and that if it wasn't right they would fix it but it would be fast. After reading this article I can relate to some of what Paramour is saying , with the whole going to college and realizing what you had plan would change I new for me it would be a little harder with going to school working full time and having two small children and everything that they are involved in.I would of never in a million years think I would change what I was studying until I started to work in the medical field and realized that's it not what I wanted to do the rest of my life so I switched to something I knew I enjoyed doing when I worked for a big retail company and that was getting to know the business and human resource of the company. I also like how the culture was built with the company do think it's a little crazy to have dogs in an office let alone nine of them I could see where this could go wrong and could cause a bad work environment.I also had to do interviews when worked for target UT there was a guild line that we had to go by and I don't think it allowed us to get clear picture of the employee seeking work and I think being direct and straight forward would give you and the employee to h ave a chance to be honesty with one another and me personal I would rather have an honesty employee over someone that is Just going to tell me what I want to hear.I like the fact that Bryant asked if you only have five minutes what question would you ask in an interview and that Paramour said she would ask how hold the person was when the got there first Job, cause to me it shows a level of determination and responsibility and a lot about a person and that they have goals set for their self and everything wasn't handed to them.I do agree with the advice Paramour gives at the end of the article and that was to get a Job and get started, because I can say when I was 18-19 1 thought I know what I wanted to do in life but have problem changes my mind about 100 times before I really knew what it was that I wanted to do and what goals to have set for myself.Even to this day I have goals that I have not meet that I have set for myself but that isn't mean I'm not still working towards them or that I don't think I can do it also the harder you have to work for something the better work you will do and the more you appreciate things more in life and the better you will be at seeing your full potently and reaching your goal out of life. After reading this article/ interview I was able to take away that its k to change your mind and to make decision based on what's going to make you happy and to make goals and to Just go for it because you never know what the outcome could be.Also that as long as you can make a decision even if it was wrong as long as you made it fast and could fix it that it wasn't a big because it shows that things change in life and as long as you can either go with it or adapt to the change and then realize what's best for you in the long run then go with it cause the outcome could be so rewarding in the end or even be a better one. I feel as this article relates to this class because it talks about her leadership, the culture she built into the compa ny as well as her hiring technique as a manager as well what are some of e important question to ask in an interview .

Human resource management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Human resource management - Essay Example Indeed, the situation has been like a crisis that has called for the implementation of a coercive leadership style. It was initially hoped that this hard line approach would yield the results that will get their employees back in line in order for them to be able to get thru the crisis. They are hoping that this style which has been said to be best suited to get the company out of situations like this will be the answer (Goleman, 2002). The following are the identification of the areas needed for improvement and the suggestions on how to go about the change for the betterment of the organization of HMS. Task 1: A re-calibration of leadership style Unfortunately, the coercive leadership style did not work. Indeed, this style is usually the one that is called upon during crisis situations and the company had hoped that this will be the answer for their problems. The increased control that the leaders have in this form usually helps in getting the job done. Through the coercive leadersh ip style, it is easy to give direction and even to demand the workers to conform to the standards of performance in order to get to their objective. However, prolonging the use of this style can have adverse effects on the employees (Goleman, 2002). Hence, it would be important for the company to change their leadership style since this has already come to the point wherein the employees are not anymore motivated by the spurs being driven into them but are in fact demoralized with the autocratic atmosphere that has been brought about by the coercive leadership style. It would then be beneficial to address the problem by having discussions with the employees in order to come to an understanding on how to go about the firm’s operations. Task 2: Adjusting strategic positions For many years now, there have been two important developments in the way human resources are managed. One is the strategic human resource management and the other is international human resource management. Indeed, there have been calls for human resources management to become more strategic in order to provide the necessary support to the attainment of a company’s goals and objectives. Also, the increasing impact of globalization coupled with unprecedented advancements in communications capability through technological innovations has brought forward the need for human resources management to take on a more international point of view (Schuler and Jackson, 2005). As mentioned, the utilization of coercive leadership has failed to yield the desired results of HMS. It is therefore suggested that this approach be changed into something that will be able to take into consideration the employees and not merely center on the perceptions of the top management on how to move the company forward and out of the crisis. As such, there is the pressing need to innovate the way the employees are handled in order to increase their participation and also their morale so that there will be a re duction in the problems emanating from a mismanaged human resources. Indeed, like all the other resources, the employees must be managed carefully but unlike supplies and machineries, these people have emotions and when push comes to shove will have the tendency to push back. Clearly, there ought to be a strategic approach to handling these resources especially since these employees are critical enablers for the strategy to

Torism, rituals and food Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Torism, rituals and food - Essay Example Tourism is mostly positively related to rituals. Wherever there is a ritual, there are likely to be tourists. This is because rituals give tourists exactly what they are looking for – a deep cultural experience.. Nevertheless, not all travel has such profound meaning. If the travel and the on-site experience is largely activity orientated, it could be the case that there is no chance for Arnold van Gennep’s sacred ‘away-ness’ of those who travel from home. The typical package holiday could be an excellent example of a trip with limited, or no overt symbolic meaning (Burns, 1999). Food is life†, says Robert Poor (2001). This adage came to life when I visited Delhi, a colorful city in the middle of an even colorful country, India. In this essay, I will talk about the ritual of Eid-ul-Adha, a ritual celebrated by Muslims for its religious values. The central, most remarkable attraction of Bari Eid (or the Big Eid) is food. The central, most remarkable pu rpose of it is to give away, share and sacrifice. Therefore, to see how Muslims sacrifice animals and give them away is what attracts tourism in Islamic countries at that time of the year. Ritual. What is a ritual? David Floyd defines it as a patterned, repetitive, and symbolic enactment of a cultural belief or value; its primary purpose is transformation (Grimes, 2002). Why do people perform these repetitive, almost ceremonial acts? People perform them because tradition prescribes it. ... Philosophy without religion becomes meaningless. Religion without rituals becomes insipid. The rituals of a religion, like the husk of a seed, preserve its life and make it germinate. It is only when the rituals are separated from the faith and assumes an independent existence that they become mechanical and lifeless. (Understanding Hinduism) Eid-ul-Adha Muslims celebrate two Eids annually; Eid-ul-Fitr and Eid-ul-Adha. The first one follows the month of Ramadan, when Muslims fast. The second one marks the end of the Pilgrimage to Mecca and is celebrated in the month of Zilhajj, an Islamic month that follows the lunar calendar. On this Eid, an animal in sacrificed in the honor of Abraham's sacrifice of his son. The essential significance of this festival is the spirit of sacrifice (qurbani) in memory of Abraham's great act of faith many centuries ago. (Gilchrist, 2001) The day starts off with a prayer that is scheduled for early morning. The men go to mosques while the women stay home and thank their Lord for all he has given along with the ability to sacrifice. After the prayer, the process of Qurbani or sacrifice starts. People buy domestic animals such as sheep, goats, cows and even camels a few days before the big day. They feed them and take care of them. On Eid, they sacrifice them. This process continues throughout the day and night for some people but for me, the goat was set to be halaaled just before 10:00 am.After the sacrifice, the meat is distributed amongst friends and the needy. People cook this meat in a variety of ways and invite friends and family over to share the occasion. By afternoon, I tasted the first bite of my sacrificed meat. The menu had a variety of scrumptious delicacies. I noticed that the meat was

Internet usage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Internet usage - Essay Example Today, the negative impacts of increasing internet use reduce the scope of internet to a notable extent. This paper will perform a cause and effect analysis of the internet usage. Effects of internet usage According to Wilder, one of the most noticeable effects of increased internet usage is that it promotes socialization, which is a dynamic learning process whereby individuals and organizations change over time (204). Since internet influences cultural transitions, this global network significantly contributes to the pace of socialization. Since internet allows users to interact with people from various cultures, individuals obtain the opportunity to learn more about different cultural practices, norms, and beliefs. However, it is often observed that people use internet to abuse other cultures emotionally rather than to adopt from the good aspects of those cultures. Hence, sometimes internet promotes a negative socialization process due to its unfair usage. Evidently, high rate of i nternet usage has greatly benefited people to be independent as it helps people to attain knowledge without any external assistance. Today, professors do not need to provide teaching notes to students since there is a bundle of relevant information available in the internet. Although this condition may improve students’ academic efficiency, overdependence on internet would sometimes result in adverse academic results. For instance, every piece of information provided in the internet may not be correct or accurate as every person is free to post his writings or personal views on the internet. Hence, wrong or misleading information would often cause troubles to an individual’s academic career. Another positive benefit of internet is that it provides employment to millions of people. Due to the increased internet usage, the scope of internet based jobs is still increasing and this situation gives hope to a global economy struggling from the recent global recession. At som e particular levels, the negative effects of internet outweigh the internet’s positive effects. To illustrate, cyber-terrorism significantly diminishes the scope of internet. The internet based terrorist activities such as deliberate disruption of computer networks cause serious consequences in the cyber world. Professional hacker teams use computer viruses to obtain unauthorized access to an organization’s or a country’s confidential data. Under such circumstances, the victim may sustain serious damages or losses which in turn would outweigh the anticipated benefits from those data. In addition, studies point out that porn websites and other violence promoting factors in internet result in social as well as cultural disintegration. Finally, the growing popularity of social networking websites like Facebook causes time wastage, and hence the overall productivity declines. As Lukoff points out, â€Å"exposing children and youth to video games and the internet of ten does not engage their major learning style that is through their sensorimotor system, and thus have negative effects on their cognitive development† Lukoff, 104). Causes of internet usage While discussing the dramatically increasing internet browsing data, it can be undoubtedly stated that need of information is the most important factor boosting worldwide internet usage. It is clear that internet is a potential source for every kind of information under the sun. The internet meets the information needs of each and every category of people,

IT601-0903B-07 Information Technology in Business Management - Phase 1 Essay

IT601-0903B-07 Information Technology in Business Management - Phase 1 Discussion Board - Essay Example This will assist in reduction of the variable and fixed costs (Sanders, 1982). The IS can also be used for the sales as well. For example, the website can have an order cart which could be used to take orders and also receive payments using a button. This would send out the shipping information to the warehouse and the order could be shipped immediately through courier. This would reduce the costs involved and will also provide the customers with an easy mode for the customers to place orders and also receive the deliveries (Drejer, 2002). Dan the sales head is not very comfortable with the use of new technology. It has also been noted that the use of the new PCs is very ineffective and the orders take as much as ten days to process. This is a very long period and is very ineffective. Also the website seems to be the only mode of communication with the customer. The website also lacks an internet link which can be used for the wholesale customers to speed up the delivery of the orders. The uses of information systems can help improve and help achieve organizational goals and also help reduce the fixed and variable costs. This will help in increasing the profitability of FYC as well. Also, the FYC requires a bettered supply chain management which can be gained through the IS. It could also allow for production control and inventory control and also help for the co – ordination of the stores as well. This could also speed up the process of the booking and deliveries as well. Also the IS could be used for the human resources functions and the financial functions as well (Treqoe, 1983). The hierarchy structure of FYC is very irregular and requires a lot of attention as well. Both Laura and Dan report to Donna. This leads to increased confusions among the marketing team and the marketing functions as well. There is also no or very less coordination among the brand management, sales, merchandising and

Management Issues in Relation to International Travel and Tourism Essay

Management Issues in Relation to International Travel and Tourism - Essay Example Sustainability Management in Tourism 08 5.1 Depletion of Natural Resources 09 5.2 Emission of Greenhouse Gases 09 5.3 Damaging Ecosystem 09 5.4 How to Develop Sustainability? 10 6. Human Resource Management in TUI 11 6.1 Training 12 6.2 Staffing 14 7. Conclusion 15 Bibliography 17 1. Executive Summary Tourism is probably one of the fastest growing industries with an operational network over the entire globe. Many parts of the world have observed positive effects from tourism because it contains an idea of incessant development and modernism. The industry observed almost over 940 million tourists across the world during 2010 with 4.7% increasing financial receipt, ending by US$919 billion (World Tourism Organization, 2011). Depending upon specific area and region, the international travel and tourism industry has substantial effects on cultural and social aspects of a society. By nature, the industry deals with numbers of management issues and in modern scenario the role of these mana gement issues are increasing day by day. In several perspectives, the industry has also close association with global hospitality industry. This report primarily deals with those key management issues which are frequently related to this industry and tourists. On the basis of data collected through various online and offline resources, the report not only highlights the key management issues but it also describes the sustainable tourism and the recommendations to improve it. The last part of the report is regarding HRM policies of TUI in the perspective of global hospitality. 2. Introduction Since by nature, international travel and tourism industry has a vast horizon of operations, therefore behavior of industry also changes with certain changes in any of its associated field. International travel and tourism involves several key management issues and a close coordination between these management issues is the key to success for the companies. The key management issues include prod uct and service management, lodging, food and beverages control, communication, guest accounting, energy management, safety and security management, and tourism sustainability management. Besides these, industry also observes conventional management issues like human resource, financial, political, and marketing management issues. 3. Objectives The main objectives of the report are to highlight the areas where international travel and tourism industry faces management issues and challenges along with the role of gastronomic tourism in context of global hospitality industry. Sustainability tourism is one of the hot issues of tourism management. The study has the objective to have an overview of it and provide recommendations for its improvement. 4. Discussions and Analysis 4.1 Product Distribution Management Product distribution is the most important aspect in the field of international travel and tourism. Its horizon is very much broad as in terms of product and services, it include s the marketing, advertising, sales, and reservations etc. in modern scenario; information technology has revolutionized the product distribution of tourism. Leading tourism companies like TUI, Hilton International etc offer online reservations system to the tourists. Online websites, broachers, and yellow pages are used for the advertising of the product or services. The scope of travel and tourism is very vast because numbers of other activities like pick and drop from air ports; ATM facility, internet, gymnasium and entertaining are the services which are

Army customs and courtesies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Army customs and courtesies - Essay Example A courtesy is a conscious conduct regularly connected to a custom (AR 600–25, 2004). A courtesy in the Army is such conduct reached out to a man or thing that distinctions them somehow. Military traditions characterize the calling of arms. When one shows military courtesies and traditions in different circumstances, one exhibits to oneself as well as other people ones dedication to obligation, honor, and nation. The existence of courtesy rules among individuals from the Armed Forces is essential to look after order. Military civility implies great behavior and respectfulness in managing other individuals. Affable conduct gives a premise to growing great human relations. The refinement in the middle of non military personnel and military graciousness is that military politeness was created in a military air and has turn into a vital piece of serving in uniform. The salute is not just an honor traded. It is a favored signal of admiration and trust among warriors. It is essential to keep in mind the salute is endorsed by regulation as well as acknowledgment of one anothers dedication, capacities, and demonstrable skill (AR 600–25, 2004). The starting point of the military salute is questionable, however it likely started as a signal of trust to demonstrate that a man was not holding a weapon. A few history specialists think saluting started in Roman times when deaths were normal. A subj ect who needed to see an open authority needed to approach with his right hand raised to demonstrate that he did not hold a weapon. The salute is broadly misjudged outside the military. Some consider it to be a signal of servility since the lesser extends a salute to the senior, yet we realize that it is a remarkable inverse. The salute is an expression that perceives one another as an individual from the calling of arms; that they have made an individual duty of benevolence to safeguard our lifestyle. The way that

How did the wars between the French Republic and the monarchies of Research Paper

How did the wars between the French Republic and the monarchies of Europe lead to the Terror and the Napoleonic Empire - Research Paper Example This war was later dominated by Napoleon who fought against the seven coalitions of European states. The origin of this war trace back to the ousting of the monarchy Louis XVI by the revolution (Wilde 1). The revolution installed a government that was not favorable with the rest of Europe. This led to ideological differences as the monarchies and empires were against the newly instituted rule. There was objection from the families and relatives of affected individuals. The nations of central Europe were against declaration issued by Austria and Prussia in 1791 of restoring the monarchy as they had an interest of dividing Poland amongst them (Waller 75). In fact, they changed the wording of declaration of Pillnitz so that they could avoid war. However, France misunderstood the document and launched a protective mechanism against the nations on April 1792 (Wilde 1). Initially, the war was faced by difficulties especially after an invading Germany took Verdum and moved close to Paris. H owever, the French managed to push the advancing enemies back. On November 19 of the same year, the National Convention assisted people who were willing to regain their lost freedom (Wilde 1). This was a justification to the creation of allied buffer zones around France. On December 15 on the same year, they made a vow that the revolutionary laws of France were to be advanced abroad by use of their armies. Additionally, France engaged in an initiative of territorial expansion. They felt that they would be protected by opposing and overthrowing any king in authority. Consequently, the association of European state came together to oppose these developments as a first coalition (Waller 75). This led to combat that lasted over two decades that eventually led to the fall of the revolution. This paper seeks to focus on how the war led to the terror and the Napoleonic Empire. Reign of Terror The war between the French republic and monarchies of Europe led to the rise of the reign of terro r. This reign lasted from 1789 to 1799. When France went to war against Austria, there was a need for more men to fight the approaching enemy. As a result, Danton that called for more men to join the French army instituted a convention. This led to serious revolts that were against the deliberations of the convention. Major revolts were experienced in Vendee as the peasants defied the authority of the meeting and design of revolution (Bastille Day History 1). They agitated for the reestablishment of the monarchy. They led to rise of civil war between the Vendeen and the guards of the established republic. As a result, over 100, 000 people died (Bastille Day History 1). On April 6 1793, a committee was created and led to the establishment of the new government led by Robespierre. Serious measures were put to counter resistance locally and French military defeats in Belgium. The Girondists were accused of military crisis, and 22 of its members were guillotined (Bastille Day History 1) . This was the decline of the true revolution ideas. The reign of terror spread to the rest of the country on September 1793. Consequently, hundreds of French were killed to instill frightening trend of anger and decadence. Those perceived to be the enemy of the revolution were arrested and executed without trial. This led to the death of over 40,000 people in a period of 15 months (Bastille Day History 1). The period after this saw the death of many other people through Guillotine. One of those was the wife of

The Internet and assurance services Essay Example for Free

The Internet and assurance services Essay 1. 0 Introduction The Internet is the greatest business tool ever invented. Merchant, trading partners and Online retail shoppers can find greater selection, convenience, and lower prices on the Internet. Online businesses can reach millions of shoppers and business partners, provide 24 hours seven days a week of products and services, and better meet their customers individual needs. For these reasons, E-Commerce over the Internet has been growing. According to ActivMedia, e-commerce activity for 2000 will be $132 billion worldwide, which is twice as much as estimated for 1999. This figure includes revenues from B2C, B2B and Internet services. According to a study by eMarketer in April 2000, almost 34 million US households were actively using the Internet, and of that number 23. 5 million or 69% have made a purchase. (http://www. cpawebtrust. org/online. htm) However, despite the Internets many advantages and opportunities, it also raises some new risks for businesses and has some customers worried. The risks are fraud, poor sales conversion rates, detrimental effects of negative PR due to privacy breaches and security problems. A recent study by the Internet Fraud Complaint Centre (IFCC) showed that online auctions accounted for 48. 8% of fraud complaints. Non-delivery of goods ordered online came in second, at 19. 2%. Other top fraud complaints to the centre involved: securities and commodities (16. 9%), credit cards (4. 8%) and identity theft (2. 9%). The IFCC, which is jointly run by the FBI and the Justice Departments National White Collar Crime Centre, received an average of 1,000 complaints per week after opening in May 2000. (http://www. cpawebtrust. org/online. htm) In order to reduce risks, many technological solutions have been developed such as Firewalls, encryption, and digital signatures, etc. Despite these available solutions, most of Internet users still lack confidence in the medium. Therefore, third-party assurance service is needed to ensure secure transaction. 2. 0 The Third-Party Role of Assurance Service According to AICPA, Assurance Services are defined as independent professional services that improve the quality or context of information for decision-makers. Assurance services might involve any type of information. The goal of assurance services is information improvement, not the issuance of a report on it. (http://www. aicpa. org/assurance/about/comstud/defncom. htm) More in detail, AICPA has been categorised its assurance service into two areas. Those are integrity assurance systems and security assurance systems. According to the textbook (Greenstein, et. al. 2000), integrity assurance systems ensure that the data elements captured in an electronic transaction are the agreed upon elements, and the processing and storage procedures maintain the integrity of the data elements and do not alter them in any unauthorised fashion. Security assurance system ensures the authentication of the transacting parties, and that electronic data are protected from unauthorised disclosure. There are four areas that assurance service provider has to concern. Those are:   Security of data   Privacy of data   Business policy Transaction processing integrity Above categories are the most important area that the assurance service provider has to satisfy. And those will be applied to analyse travel. com. au. 3. 0 Difference and Similarity between B2B andB2C The web has evolved as a great medium for running business. Traditional B2B transaction used EDI, phone and fax for transaction. Also, B2C was just relied on bricks and mortar outlet. However, evolution of technology enables business entity to expand its business to new area, and provides more opportunities. Despite of Internets advantages for business entity, the risk has been arisen along with development of technology. According to recent survey of Computer Security Institute and the FBI, not surprisingly, computer-related crimes are up, as are the costs related to such crimes. This year, the survey included results from 538 respondents from a number of industries corporations, government agencies, financial institutions, and universities. This year, total losses, based on the 186 respondents willing to provide details on actual losses, totalled approximately US$378 million. Thats up from the US$265 million reported last year by 249 respondents. Based on this data, on average, each of the 186 companies lost more than US$2 million dollars in security breaches. (http://www. advisor. com/Articles. nsf/aid/HARTB15) In this section, similarity and differences existing between two models will be analysed. Based on the result of analysis, our assurance team provides desirable solution for B2B and B2C transaction B2C Perspective B2C is relationship is considered very vulnerable, because the party involved in transaction or interactions have no prior knowledge, they are completely strangers. Many risks involve during B2C transaction such as transmission of sensitive data (ie credit card number). In B2C e-commerce, the customers are the general public. Therefore, its transaction can be easily exposed. It is the one reason that consumers reluctant to shop over the Online. To decrease the risk and increase positive consumer perception, most of e-tailers employ security system, and state their privacy and security policy in its Web site. B2B Perspective B2B are interacting in more secure environment with respect to assurance of the electronic business environment. The nature of B2B e-commerce is that operator just interact with its business customer. Thus, the main concern for B2B is lying in their intellectual property. Many of the intellectual property are stored online in intangible form. Also many confidential information and trade secret is transmitted online. The reason they are safer is because B2B transactions are conducted usually through companies that have an existing relationship with each other or trading contractual agreements. So it can be said that they have mutual relationship. These existing relationships have evolved from the days of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) to the fully functioning web sites on the World Wide Web or on company extranets. Due to evolution, the transaction has been completed within VAN (Value-Added Networks). Although, the evolution enable business entity to interact with its partner more efficient, the risk related in transaction has been increased.

The Conflict Between Manmade Law And Natural Law Philosophy Essay

The Conflict Between Manmade Law And Natural Law Philosophy Essay When Agamemnon is forced to return Chryseis back to her father, he gives an ultimatum declaring that he would only do so if he gets Briseis in exchange. This infuriates the mighty Achilles beyond control (hence the above quote) who then goes on to confront Agamemnon. This where the whole issue of manmade law vs. natural law comes into play, because in book I, Agamemnon is described as a powerful man who lords it over all the Argives, one the Achaeans must obey A mighty king, Achilles on the other hand, is expressed as the matchless runner. This shows us that even though by the law of nature, Achilles should be the one who is in control, but by the right of birth, Agamemnon is the one in complete power. When trying to explain the difference in manmade law vs. natural law, the distinction is very straightforward. There are certain rules in society that we have to abide by in order for harmonious living. These are basic norms and values that are drilled into us from childhood through va rious forms of socialization such as school, family etc. These include various regulations such as respect, love and to value those who are near and dear to us. In school we have various sanctions imposed on us if we break any of the set norms such as cheating or skiving class for no apparent reason. For more serious offences such as murder, fraud or theft, various agents of social control can rein in these unnatural desires by putting us into remand homes or jail. Furthermore, within a country we are given certain human rights which we can exercise on a daily basis such as freedom of speech, right to equal protection under the law etc. When new rules and regulations are set up within a society, we say that these rules are manmade, as these do not comes naturally to us. Natural law is that unwritten law that is more or less the same for everyone everywhere. To be more exact, natural law is the concept of a body of moral principles that is common to all humankind and, as generally posited, is recognizable by human reason alone. Natural law is therefore distinguished from-and provides a standard for- manmade law, the formal legal enactments of a particular society. Since laws are made for a reason; natural law is used to dictate human reason. In fact, it is law discovered by human reason. Our normal and natural grasp of the natural law is affected by reason, that is, by the thinking mind, and in this service reason is sometimes called conscience. We, in all our human acts, inevitably see them in their relation to the natural law, and we mentally pronounce upon their agreement or disagreement with the natural law. Such a pronouncement may be called a judgment of conscience. The norm of morality is the natural law as applied by conscience. Lastly, we ca n say that the natural law is the disposition of things as known by our human reason and to which we must conform ourselves if we are to realize our proper end or good as human beings. So in a more concise form, we can say that natural law is that by human beings can rationally guide themselves to their good. The origins of natural law theory lie in Ancient Greece. Many Greek philosophers discussed and codified the concept of natural law, and it played an important role in Greek government. Later philosophers such as St. Thomas Aquinas, Thomas Hobbes, and John Locke built on the work of the Greeks in natural law theory treatises of their own. Many of these philosophers used natural law as a framework for criticizing and reforming manmade laws, arguing that manmade laws which are unjust under the principles of natural law are legally wanting. Some theorists argue that humans may give up certain rights to live in society, for the better human good. However, the basic tenets of equality and a desire to do good still remain. Some people also integrate religious beliefs into natural law theory, while others refer more generally to basic moral laws which may or may not be guided by religious faith. To actually understand the basis of the natural law theory, we have to go back in time, as Aristo tle was the pioneer in coming up with this theory. In ancient Greece, the emphasis on the difference between nature (physis, ) and law, custom, or convention (nomos, ) was made obvious from the start. It basically meant that even though the law of the land may vary from place to place, but by nature they should be the same everywhere. Against the conventionalism that the distinction between nature and custom could create, Socrates and his philosophic heirs, Plato and Aristotle, put forward the existence of natural justice or natural right. Going back to explaining natural law and manmade law in the Iliad, we can clearly see the disproportion in the ranks within the army. Achilles, who is the son of the goddess Thetis, is made the leader of the Achaeans whereas Agamemnon is the commander-in-chief and is a mere mortal. Furthermore, we note that Achilles is self-less and noble, while Agamemnon is self-centered and egotistical. Proof of this is evident when Achilles is made to give up his prize (Briseis) because Agamemnon demands it in return for sending back Chryseis. Achilles is enraged by the request and argues that the plunder has already been distributed and a good man does not take back what he has given. Agamemnon and Achilles argue, each man insulting the other. Agamemnon threatens to take a prize if one is not given to him, and Achilles reminds him that all of the Achaeans are fighting against foes who have only wronged Menelaus. For the sake of the two royal brothers, the Argives bloody their hands against men wh o have done them no wrong. Achilles also complains that though he bears the heaviest burden in battle, it is the king who is always greedy for prizes. Achilles refuses to fight anymore as he will go home to Phthia. Because of this dishonor, anger seizes Achilles and he strides toward Agamemnon to kill him. Hera sends the goddess Athena to stop him. Only Achilles can see Athena, who tells him not to kill the king. She promises that Achilles will be justly compensated for this great dishonor and Achilles obeys her. This is itself is a trait to be noted, even though Achilles is seething with rage and a passion to destroy Agamemnon there and then, he restraints himself just because he is instructed by a goddess and shown that even though he may be stronger and more virtuous of the two, Agamemnon is still the king and thus he must be obeyed unconditionally. Manmade law is made for the betterment of mankind. Man knows this law, makes this law, and therefore has the ability to break this law, or amend it, or delete it. In the Iliad, we can see that Agamemnon not only twists and turns the law to his advantage but even tries to test his army, just so he can be confident that his army still pays him the kind of respect demanded by a king, unquestionable and undeniable. This is seen when Thetis, pleads with Zeus to intervene and bring the battle between the two mighty warriors to an end. Zeus then comes to Agamemnon in his dream, but Agamemnon manipulates it to his advantage. We also observe the obvious difference between Achilles and Agamemnon, when Nestor, oldest of the Achaean kings, rises and tells the two men that they must listen to him, because he is old and has lived and fought with warriors greater than any now living. He asks Agamemnon not to take Briseis, Achilles fairly won prize, and he tells Achilles that he must respect Agamemn ons position as commander-in-chief. His words are lost on the two men. Achilles returns to his ships with his companion Patroclus. The Achaeans send the ships to make the sacrifice, with Odysseus in charge of the expedition. Meanwhile, Agamemnon sends men to fetch Briseis, who is given up without a fight Achilles does not resist because the girl was a gift distributed by Agamemnon and the great warrior feels it is not his place to refuse the king. This clearly shows that if Achilles wanted, he could have struck down Agamemnon without any effort and still has his army, but he choose to obey the law of the land and conform to the rule of obeying ones king. Agamemnon on the other hand, misused and abused his power and took what was not his and behaved in a way not fitting for a ruler. As per positivists like Rousseau (1754), there is no law unless we create it, which is true in the sense that there are no social consequences of our actions unless society has agreed to implement such consequences. The concept of natural law suggests that there are forces acting upon man that are beyond change. Although there are obvious examples of scientific natural law, such as the law of gravity, there are more subtle examples such as the law that stealing from your neighbor will cause hardship on you and others. According to Dentreves (1954) Natural Law is binding beyond the will of any material being, man included. What this is trying to imply is that natural law exists even without the existence of man, and indeed as history shows us, natural law did exist well before man, and even life in general. Manmade laws are culturally and psychologically defined, in no way can they be confused with natural law. The line between natural and manmade law must be drawn between those laws which were consciously created and those which exist somewhat by default. Yves R. Simon says that natural law cannot be broken. Moral sentiments seem to be natural law because our morality leads us to think egocentrically about it. Manmade law is also known as positive law in many contexts, the reason this is so is because they are typically imposed on the citizens of a particular area. There are many arguments that point towards the fact that positive law is always religious in nature, for example The Ten Commandments of Christianity; Christians might consider the Ten Commandments valid not only because they are rooted in moral principles, but also because they may have been etched in stone by God. This view is supported by the fact that positivists believe that in order for a law to be obeyed, it must be endorsed by an individual in authority. Ethics are sometimes woven into positive law, but behaving in an unethical way is not necessarily considered a violation of the law. For ex ample, it may be considered unethical for a corporation to minimize profits for its own gain; however, if this behavior is performed under the applicable positive law, it may not be illegal. Besides, another theory that comes through by many sociologists such as Novak stated that man made law has actually stemmed from natural law. The example he gave for this is that of traffic rules, what could be the purpose of looking both ways before crossing a street? The answer was simple he argued, every human being has the natural instinct of staying alive and will try to avoid any situation is which their life is in danger. Behaving in any other way, would result in altruistic behavior, i.e. in order to motivate oneself, behaving in a manner that is selfless and detrimental. Going back to analyzing the implications of the conflict between manmade law and natural law in Book I of the Iliad, we can now look into it with a more educated point of view. Achilles behaved in an honorable way because one reason may be that he may want to remain true to his personal code of ethics or second he may be doing so, so that he still commands the same sort of respect from his subordinates as be fore. We should note however, that even though Achilles rage is legendary, one word from Athena calmed him enough to restrain himself. The saying your freedom ends where my nose begins can be aptly applied to this particular situation. This is because even though Agamemnon openly slighted Achilles in front of the entire army and showed him who was in charge, Achilles ignored it. Adler, in his works, once said that natural law means principles of human conduct, not the laws of nature discovered by the physical sciences. According to him, the natural law as applied to physical things or animals is sacred; stars and atoms never disobey the laws of their nature. But man often violates the moral rules which constitute the law of his specific human nature. For e.g. Plato calls it justice and applies it to the human soul and human conduct. The first precept of natural law is to seek the good and avoid evil. It is often put as follows: Do good unto others, injure no one, and render to every man his own. Now, of course, such a general principle is useless for organized society unless we can use it to specify various types of rights and wrongs. That is precisely what man-made, or positive, law tries to do. Thus, the natural law tells us only that stealing is wrong because it inflicts injury, but the positive law of larceny defines the various kinds and degrees of thef t and prescribes the punishments. Such particular determinations may differ in various times and places without affecting the principles of natural law. Neither Aquinas nor Aristotle thinks that particular rules of laws should be the same in different times, places, and conditions. In the Iliad, the implications of pitting man made law versus natural law can be countless. Achilles refused to fight in the war against the Trojans, because his pride was wounded during his personal battle against Agamemnon. He vowed that he would not fight Hector, greatest warrior of the Trojans, and thus avenge his hurt when he sees Agamemnon fall dismally to the ground. If Agamemnon had not exercised his right as the supreme ruler, this would not have happened and he, with the help of mighty Achilles, would have continued his victorious streak against Troy. In conclusion, it is easy to see that because of the various rules drawn out for us in society, expressing our true sentiments can be tricky. Even Achilles, the matchless runner, had to curb his fury because going with his instinct would bring embarrassment and shame to himself. Finally, in my opinion, the affect of manmade laws in society is far greater than that of natural laws. We see it in everyday life even, we can always look to people in power e.g. politicians and see that its not always the smartest or most virtuous person who is elected to power, more times than not, the people responsible for our life are those who are already moneyed or have enough financial stability to fund their next three generations. Hence the laws that are put into effect only benefit them and their allies. The Iliad was used as a guidance manual for generations and people still look to it for moral lessons, this is because even though it took place centuries ago, the fundamental message is still well founded for todays modern society. Natural Law Vs. Manmade Law 3

Implementing Uniforms into Schools Essay -- Uniforms Education School

Implementing Uniforms into Schools The argument whether uniforms should be implemented in school has been debated over the last few decades. By implementing a uniform policy within schools would help reduce the rise of violent crimes. In today’s high schools, too many innocent youths become fatalities due to gang warfare that has spread into the school system. Many parents feel that if a uniform policy was implemented , the spread of gang warfare and the idea that children have to have name brand clothing would decrease drastically. However others are worried that this policy would infringe on students First Amendment Rights with expressing themselves. Many parents are worried that the uniforms will cost too much and they will only burden their economic status. Uniforms will either give the school strength or separate the students and parents from the administration. Proponents of uniforms argue that the widespread violence in schools is due largely to gangs. They believe that the distinctive gang colors and symbols are used it intimidate non-gang members and reinforce gang allegiance. Gang members are often found wearing clothing with professional sports team logos on them. Children who wear this type of clothing do so only because they like it or because everyone else is wearing it. Jim Steinberg of the San Diego Examiner believes that, â€Å"They have become a fashion statement and sometimes a gang statement†(Sauewein 1). This is why so many parents want the schools to go to a mandatory uniform policy. Many parents believe that if children wear uniforms, the violence in schools would drop significantly. Long Beach Unified School District was the first large school district in the United States to implement a mandatory uniform policy. â€Å"In 1994, the Long Beach Unified School District in California became the nation’s first, large urban district to require all it’s elementary and middle school students to wear uniforms. School crime has plunged 76 percent since, says spokesman Dick Van Der Laan. Attendance is the highest it’s been since 1980. Can the uniform policy take this credit? â€Å"Very definitely,† Van Der Laan says. â€Å"Uniforms sets a message of ‘You are in the business of learning† (Merchant 3). â€Å"In the first year following implication, overall school crime decreased by 36%, sex offenses by 74%, physical flight to point students by 51%,... ...nonprofit organizations that give out over $100,000 in financial aid to families that allow them to buy these uniforms. School districts also point out that the uniforms can be passed down from one child to another. By doing this, they would come out ahead in the long run. Many parents believe that uniforms will only stifle the students creativity. They will not be allowed to freely express themselves with the colors that they wear as well as the clothing itself. If a child is feeling particularly happy that day, he or she may want to wear their favorite outfit to express themselves and the way that they feel. If all students wear uniforms, the entire school will all look exactly the same, which takes away all creativity and suppresses individuality. The controversy whether to implement the uniform policy has gone on for quite a few years now. Both sides of the argument give compelling reasons why or why not the policy should be arrayed. But with the rise in the violent crimes in the school systems, children need to be protected, or else our children may be growing up knowing only violence. They will not know what it will be like to live a life without fear.

Comparing Roosevelts New Deal and Laura Ingalls Wilder Little House on the Prairie :: Compare Contrast Comparison

Comparing Roosevelt's New Deal and Laura Ingalls Wilder Little House on the Prairie Books Laura Ingalls Wilder wrote many books during her time. She is best known for her Little House on the Prairie books, which were written in the 1930's during the great depression. I will contrast Roosevelt's New Deal with Laura Ingalls Wilder Little House on the Prairie books. The comparison between these two is the fact of how the Little House on the Prairie books did not depend on the government and Roosevelt's New Deal plan and how Laura and her family lived life with little to no help from the government. To start off I am going to give you a brief background on what caused the great depression and how the New Deal came about. The great depression came about for many different reasons. Some of these reasons are due to the stock market crash of 1929. Most people think that this is what started the great depression but actually it was only part of it. The upper and lower classes played a big role on wages for what was paid between the two different classes. Because of this wage difference it had an impact on the banking system. Also America became know as a credit nation vs. a debtor nation. Which meant that the United States was owed more money by other countries and the United States owed. Another problem that the United States was having is that the whole dollar vs. gold. During the 1930's the United States was still on a gold value system where paper money had no value. With all of these factors and the stock market crash of 1929 was just the final straw that broke the camels back as the saying goes. With the depression going and 1 out of every 4 people not having a job, the country was in serious troub le. Franklin D. Roosevelt came up with the New Deal. The New Deal was also known as Works Progress Administration (WPA). The program put 8,500,000 of Americans back to work. The work consisted of everything from building public parks and a writers program to paying farmers not to plant crops. This is the part of the New Deal that I will be addressing. The Agricultural Adjustment Act also known as AAA. The AAA act came about to stabilize prices and overproduction on farm products such as cotton, wheat, corn, rice, tobacco, hogs and milk.

Fleas Essays -- essays research papers

Fleas are very small insects. They are all flightless and do not have eyes, although two ocelli may be present. Their antennaes are short and their mouthparts are adapted for piercing and sucking. The female flea lays a few eggs daily that total up to 300 to 400 in its lifetime. The eggs are laid usually on animals and most drop off where they spend most of their time. Bedding, floor crevices, carpeting, along baseboards and areas near their favorite sleeping and napping sites are especially likely places where eggs will be found. These eggs hatch into larvae, which are baby fleas. The larvae spin a cocoon and, depending on environmental conditions, emerge as adults in as few as five days. The adult fleas then mate after a blood meal and then lay eggs. The life cycle is then repeated--until control measures break the cycle. The total life cycle can last from 25 days to several months. The bodies of both adults and young fleas have many backward pointing hairs and powerful leg muscle s. Fleas can jump 80 times their own height and 150 times their body length. Fleas have many mites and parasites and can have up to 150 living in them at one time. Adult fleas can cause medical problems including flea allergy dermatitis (FAD), tapeworms, secondary skin irritations and, in extreme cases, anemia. Some people may have a severe reaction, such as a general rash or inflammation, which can result in secondary infections caused by scratching the irritated skin area. Fleas may transmit bu...

The Raven Tpcastt

â€Å"The Raven† TPCASTT Title This poem could be about a multitude of things with the title Poe chose, but one thing that is clear is that it is about a Raven. Judging from Poe's other works, it is likely about some kind of a rabid/demonic raven. Also, it is very likely that this Raven will torture someone in some unimaginable way that will destroy the person more so psychologically than physically. Paraphrase I was laying in my bedroom pondering life when I heard a knocking at my door. Maybe it is my dead wife Lenore.No, that can't be it. It must just be someone coming by to visit me. I called down the hall apologizing for taking so long to answer the door, but no one was there. This really freaked me out, so I called for Lenore, but again, there was no answer. I heard the knocking again, maybe it's my window. I will check so I can confirm it's darkness and not anything more than that. When I opened up my window a raven came flying in and landed above my door. I decided to a sk the raven his name, and his only response was â€Å"nevermore. I was really freaked out and amazed that there was a bird with the odd name of â€Å"nevermore. † The bird will for sure leave tomorrow, as everything else does. But the bird responded with â€Å"nevermore. † He must have just learned this word from a bitter owner or someone passing by. There is no way it can be speaking to me. So, I just sat back down in my bed to ponder this. Wow, he actually must be a gift from god. I have to ask him if I will ever forget Lenore. He responded with â€Å"nevermore. † If anything will the pain of Lenore's death ever fade?But, the raven said â€Å"nevermore. † Will I ever be able to see my Lenore again, whether in this life or the afterlife? But, the raven said â€Å"nevermore. † Get out of my house Raven! Get out of my house and get your beak out of my heart. But, the raven said â€Å"nevermore. † The raven won't leave and my soul will never be lifted and I'll never be happy. Connotation This poem uses many poetic devices. The first, and possibly most important, is point of view. Poe uses first person because during the time period this was extremely scary material.And putting the readers directly into the narrator's shoes did nothing but increase the fear factor. Also, unlike much literature of that time, Poe uses a lot of imagery to pull readers into story. Phrases such as â€Å"tapping on my chamber door† and describing the echo of his voice give you a sense of auditory imagery. He deeply describes the looks of everything in the house from the bird's crest to the shadows being cast on the floor. Lastly, he takes advantage of the tactile sense by describing the bird's beak digging into his heart. Attitude Poe had a very depressing attitude toward this whole poem.He wrote it while his wife was dying of tuberculosis, a disease that had plagued him his entire life. Also, during this time he was very poor and wasn 't having any success making it as a poet. He used this poem as a way to describe how the â€Å"demons† in the world felt toward him. He used sad and depressing language throughout the poem to really convey to the reader what he was feeling at the time. Also, he uses a techhnique where the poem starts off making the reader think it is going to be a happy poem where he is reunited with his dead wife and they all live happily ever after.But instead, he is disappointed by a bird that is constantly telling him he will never be able to achieve true happiness. Shifts In the poem there are some, but not many shifts. The primary shifts come at the beginning but then the poem almost stables out and stays fairly level. The poem starts off on a sense of boredom with him drifting off in his chair. Then there is a sense of excitement when there is a knocking at the door. Then it is hope and happiness that it could be Lenore. But then it goes back to boredom and almost curiosity when there is nothing but darkness at the door.He goes back to answer the window when he hears the knocking again which causes fear and excitement. When the bird flies in he is mostly scared and curious as to why the bird is there. There is next a sense of hope that this bird will be able to help him connect to his Lenore. From here on out it is almost nothing but anger at the bird as it refuses to say anything other than â€Å"nevermore,† and tells the narrator he is never going to be happy. Title After reading the poem my prediction was very close to correct.I did know that the bird would be torturing him. I didn't think that it would be in any way like he did, but that part was correct. Also, the bird was supernatural. Other than that, the entire story line was very different than what I had initially expected. Theme The theme of this poem is that one's own head can often be the cause of his misery or grief. The man continues to ask the bird questions when he knows exactly what the bird will say. It's almost as though he had wanted to be upset and was intentionally doing this to himself.

Exposition

Expository plan must be built for completeness Information must be valuable and complete. The point of the topic must be specific enough to explain the subject and it seeks to answer what, why, and how. Expository plan must be built for progress Writing must have unity, from old to new or from simple to complex or known to unknown or specific to general or general from to specific or less important to more important. Expository plan must be built for Adaptation In order to be clear, explanation must be clear for suitable audience.The Exposition of an Abstract Term or concept Anything that has no pictorial representation that we know are true; but exist only in our mind. Abstract term begin with a definition. It consist of the term, Genus, and Differentiation. Writing a good exposition of an abstract term must be: 1. Be sure you are explaining the subject not talking about it. 2. Use the simplest and most familiar diction possible, especially if your exposition is more formal sort. 3. Study various methods of exposition, select the best one suitable for you.Elimination – explaining a thing by telling what is not. Analysis – dividing the subject into its feature. Comparison and Contrast -? defining words which have a tendency to occur with or to be confused with certain companion words. Illustration – the easiest and natural method of exposition. Giving example of illustration of object to be defined. A serious problem in the abstract term or concept is that length. It may be full length or full length composition or in which the subject is amplified by various methods or by one developed to its utmost.It may be a paragraph developed by concentrating on the main features of the subject and relying for effect upon wise selection and presentation. Most frequently it is a paragraph or page in longer essay. The exposition of a process Sequential operation and action by which something is done or made. Whenever you are trying to tell a person how to do something or how other people do something. Followed by a time pattern sometimes w/o conscious planning or explaining events in order. James M. Micron gives four common types of exposition process: â€Å"how-to-do-it† process, give direction. How-it-works† process, shows a n operation (often mechanical). Usually follows a time order and resembles narration. â€Å"how-it-is-organized† process, show complexity in organization function by breaking into department and it is functional rather than chronological. â€Å"how-did-it-happen† process, seek to cause for a known effect such as why or how the event occurred. Exposition of a process has two different aims. First, try to give the reader an understanding of the process without assuming that he/she will undertake itself. Second, give the reader a direction. Planning and organizing depend on the subject.If the process is informal, your readers is to follow directions himself. Whether if it is formal or informal, unity is required in the process if you wish to emphasize. Comparison and Contrast Comparison meant to show likeness and Contrast shows differences between two subject areas. For example, A is better than B or more interesting than B, or more useful than B. The two statements need strong control and organization. Character Sketch Process of writing individual trait to set forth idea or detailing of a characteristics of some personified animal or thing. Enhanced by the use of incidental description.To sketch a character is essentially explaining that character. It is not describing a person physically but present to his character. Two kind of character sketch are individual concerns particular person and type characteristic common to a group. Ways to develop character sketch. A) Leading characteristics of the subject are enumerated and each one is taken up for discussion. B) Development may be anecdotal; it may relate a story illustrate particular trait in a person. C) Pro minent characteristic may be emphasized and the other characteristic placed in subsidiary relationship .The Essay is an exposition of author's thought or reflection on some subject of human interest. Two kinds of essay: Formal Essay -? main purpose is to give information and instruction. Brief in scope, usually impersonal in tone, it addressed primarily intellect, may deal with variety of subject. Great structure, method of development and manner of expression Informal Essay – frankly and mainly to entertain. Observed in a free method way and does not attempt to discuss subject exhaustively , nor does it deal with subjects that call for elaborate explanation.Personal in tone and point of view written in natural conversation. Comment or Criticism Review and criticism are forms of exposition. Usually published in periodicals, magazine, and written in a large variety of subjects. Anything that evokes opinion or judgment. Three kinds of criticisms: Criticism by use of standard â €“ assume that certain qualities tend to appear n all great literature. Historical Criticism -? evaluating influence of a writer or his work upon writers who followed him. Impressionistic or personal criticism – by telling what you think or feel, more Objective standards , narrow or superficial.Practical suggestions for your criticism: 1. Have background of knowledge 2. Have prejudice from training, race, religion, politics, occupation, and localities 3. Analyze a piece of writing 4. Choose something of your own interest as well as your own knowledge 5. Select a definite, limited central idea 6. Test your opinions carefully Us Mary Exposition Exposition that states and explains briefly the subject Of any spoken or written composition of considerable length. CLASSIFICATION AS A TECHNIQUE OF EXPOSITION Classification is a significant and informative grouping of things, activities, and ideas.Ruling principle is to unite idea or point of view use in the art of classifying. â €Å"A classification is useless it leads somewhere†. Suggestion for meaning classification: 1. Make clear what is being classified 2. Choose (and state) a significant, useful basis or guiding principle for the classification 3. Take care to limit yourself one basis at a time in listing members of class 4. Name the species according to given basis 5. Make sure that each species is separate and distinct that there is no overlapping 6.Help readers understand the distinct between two species 7. Make certain that in a classification (where a species listed in accordance with the major basis becomes a genus) Partition in Exposition Partition is the act of dividing a unit into its component part and does not necessarily have anything in common beyond the fact that they belong to the same unit. Hammers may be logically divided according to its physical characteristics. Classification always deals with several units while partition eels only part of a unit. A hammer head w/o handle is hammer.The head and the handle are component parts of only one unit. Suggestion for clear and meaningful partition: 1 . â€Å"Any breakdown of a subject for purposes of discussion should be done in accordance consistent point of view, or basis, and basis must adhered throughout any single phase of the discussion†.

Ethical Issues- Schizophrenia

Many ethical issues can be presented when working in the medical field; a few major issues are presented in the case of Schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is a mental disorder in which people may hear voices in their heads that tell them to do immoral things, which are not there. A Schizophrenic person may also sit for hours without moving or talking, and are not completely sane. This disorder is a result of genetic and environmental factors. One of the issues that are involved with schizophrenia is telling schizophrenics, partial truths or lies.Studies have shown that when a schizophrenic is directly confronted, they usually do not return for treatment. As a result, some psychiatrists tell their patients â€Å"half-truths† or lies such as treating patients but telling them the medication is for anxiety or dysphasia, this way patients receive adequate treatment. Ultimately the psychiatrist is doing what is best for the patient, but is it really okay to lie to a patient? Another issu e is presented during the treatment of a schizophrenic patient, occasionally a patient will ask a psychiatrist for heir opinion on whether or not to pursue a lifelong dream they may have.When this occurs, the psychiatrist is presented with the decision of whether or not to support the patient on their dream. If the psychiatrist believes the patient is not capable of accomplishing their goal because of their mental disorder, they might discourage the patient form pursuing it because if they were to pursue it and fail, it could possibly worsen the disorder. On the other hand, the psychiatrist might support the patient in their dream, because in the situation where the patient accomplishes their goal, the notation may improve and could result in a better quality of life.So what should the psychiatrist do in this situation, when is it okay for the psychiatrist to decide what goes on in a patient's life? A third issue would be the whether or not to ask a patient dealing with this disorde r if they would like to write their advance directives. Advance directives are written consent of what would happen to the patient in the occasion that they lose decisional capabilities, what type of treatment they would receive, etc.Although advance directives maybe taken as a precaution and not because anything is occurring with the patient, upon being asked for these documents a patient may be caused fear which could result in worsening of the illness. So should the psychiatrist ask a patient for the advance directives knowing it may have a negative result on their health? The involvement of family in the life of a schizophrenic could be extremely beneficial, but convincing a schizophrenic to involve their family is yet another issue.The process of persuading a mental disorder patient at some point becomes coercion, which is never morally correct because it could be considered as taking advantage of a mentally challenged person. Although coercion is never technically correct, in the long run the involvement of the family will have enormous benefits on the patient, so the psychiatrist must make a decision on if they should or shouldn't coerce the patient to involve their family. I believe that all the ethical issues presented are difficult, but the psychiatrist should always keep the patients well.

Middle Eastern Views of Mental Illness

There are many countries that are considered to be countries of the Middle East. Some of these include Iraq, Iran, Turkey, Yemen, and Isreal, just to name a few. Many of these countries have things in common, such as belief in Islam, use of the Arabic language, connections through the Arab League, historical ties, etc. The different countries form a chain of countries that are linked by culture and religion on the one hand and yet vary greatly in terms of dialect and history on the other.The Arabic language is a large common denominator between these countries; however, dialects can be so different from each other to a point where a person from Syria can hardly communicate with a person from Algeria. (1) Most landscape in the Middle East is either occupied by harsh desert conditions or mountains. This has made its people very tough in terms of living conditions. Lebanon, parts of Syria, Turkey, Iran and Iraq have mountainous areas while most of the other countries are flat and extrem ely arid.Those living in the desert traditionally used to move around in a perennial search for water, which resulted in unique eating behaviors and homes. A typical Arab house in the desert is built out of mud and has little furniture. The food is basic with little processing. However, in the mountains of Lebanon, Syria or Turkey one will encounter strong homes with heavy stones and arches that can last for generations. In addition, food in these areas is usually produced during summertime and stored in cellars for use when nature does not allow them to go out and work their snow covered fields. 1) Religions play a big role in the dynamics of the Middle Eastern society. They are considered to be one of the main pillars of the society and individuals are stereotyped based on religion. Islam, Judaism, and Christianity are the main religions practiced in the middle-east and people who practice these faiths only surround themselves with people of the same faith. Daily life is practiced on the basis of ones religion and others are expected to respect that.1) The present day Middle East is a mixture of very old cultures and very young nations that were organized by European colonial powers after the defeat of the Central Powers which led to the end of World War One and fall of the Ottoman Empire. The culture of the Middle East is thus understood only by learning about the history of the region and the forces that have influenced the growth and demise of controlling powers. Since World War One, colonial countries such as France, Great Britain, and The United States have ignificantly influenced the Middle East. (1) Keeping in mind this very generalized description of the Middle Eastern culture we can now begin to look at the beliefs in terms of mental illness. In my research it is safe to say that most all opinions by middle easterners are based off of their religious beliefs. According to the SRA (Stigma Research and Action) people from non-Western cultures tend to attribute the cause of mental illness more frequently to the afflicted individual.It is possible that discrimination against the mentally ill differs in an Islamic culture where mental illnesses and other ailments are, to some extent, considered to be due to the will of God, rather than evil forces, bad behavior, or other personally devaluating factors. According to the holy Koran, people with a mental disorder should be treated with respect, and this might result in a less stigmatizing attitude.Such a perception of causality would also reasonably apply to the individual, and might be a factor that reduces self-blame. One must bear one’s predicament and wait for the mercy of God! A study was done by SRA researchers and participants were asked a series of open-ended questions. Responses indicated feelings of alienation, sharing stereotypes about the mentally ill, experiences of discrimination, social withdrawal, and resistance to being stigmatized and discriminated against.For example, responses included: Yes, they discriminate against us; They don’t count on us; Our society has no capacity for us; I mean there is no cultural understanding in our society; They ridicule, insult and harm us; I wish they could understand that psychiatric patients are like other patients, like patients with cancer or cardiac disease and that they can live their lives.A recurring theme was the idea of the mentally ill as dangerous and aggressive: They all believe a mentally ill patient is a natural born killer and that’s why I try to keep myself to myself and not even claim what I’m entitled to; When the police came they were acting as if I was a criminal, but they ought to know that I’m a patient, not a criminal. (2) The International Journal of Mental health Systems has thoroughly researched the country of Iraq in terms of their views on Mental illness.According to their research public attitudes towards mental illness in Iraq has shown that comm unity opinion about the aetiology of mental illness is broadly compatible with scientific evidence, but understanding of the nature of mental illness, its implications for social participation and management remains negative in general. (3) As nurses we have to remain unbiased, and educational towards our patients and their families.When faced with a patient with a mental illness whom is Middle eastern we need to stay mindful of the fact that they probably believe that they were afflicted by their God in some way, or in some way they deserved to be born with this illness. We need to simply educate them on the importance of medication Therapy and safety. We should treat all of our patients the same no matter what their cultural beliefs are and we should always treat each patient with respect.Active listening is an important skill to master as a nurse with all patients but with Middle Eastern patients especially it is a sign of respect to listen to them first, and allow them to finish completely prior to speaking. Giving this level of respect to all patients all the time will ensure that as nurses we never offend, and that we give the best quality care.

The Need for Market Research in Contemporary Business Environment Essay

The Need for Market Research in Contemporary Business Environment - Essay Example Today the customers demand the best worth out of each penny that they spend and this is because of the growing globalization and the increasing competition. Today customers have as many alternatives for a single product as they never have had in the past. This phenomenon has empowered the customers to a great extent and has given rise to the need for research. Companies spend major chunks of their budgets on research today. Research does not only reveal facts about customer psyche but also guide the researchers and the sponsors to the gaps and unidentified niches in the market, thus opening new horizons of opportunities and profitability to be taken advantage of (Stearns, 2006). Research outcomes serve as guidelines to the researchers in order to lay down a road map for future decision making of the business/organization. In today’s’ world businesses cannot afford to base their decisions on gut feeling and guesses. It’s time to be precise and accurate. The cause and effect relationship needs to be studied while making even the smallest of decisions. Research provides the decision makers to base their decision making on solid basis and rational grounds. The outcomes of researches help businesses build strategies and also monitor the anticipated performance by comparing it with the actual and studying the lapses incurred and the probable corrective measures that can be adopted before it’s too late (Sekaran, 2010). Dependable and solid outcomes do not come voluntarily in fact research is a whole world of technical analysis and execution and thus it is required to be conducted in great depth with a predetermined plan and objective in mind. Research is a delicate and sensitive art, because the outcomes of research are used for future... This essay discusses that with the advancement of technology and emergence of the concept of consumerism to the surface, customers have become ever more dominant and powerful in the marketplace. Nowadays all the companies shed off myopic ideas and try to incorporate consumer’s will in the decision making process. This is particularly important because customer satisfaction is the ultimate objective that leads to profitability and endurance in organizations. To attain stability, organizations spend millions of dollars today on their Research and Development departments to get the best and most accurate knowledge regarding consumer behaviour and expectations. This knowledge and information is utilized by organizations in improving their processes to meet the demands and requirements of the customers and thus deliver a â€Å"wow experience† every time the customer interacts with the offering. In other words, this shall not be exaggeration to state that, research is one of the key pillars to success of an organization, in the contemporary market dimensions. Any idea or tactic backed up by research findinngs is more durable and dependable then something that is implemented out of the blue. Research does not only assist organizations in deciding which route to success shall be adopted, in fact contingency measures and sporadic adjustments to deviations and evaluation of the implementation are some of the broad areas that are addressed at length by researches

Film Forbidden Games Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Film Forbidden Games - Movie Review Example From the destruction caused by the war, and out of the ashes of the concentration camps as well as Hiroshima and Nagasaki, it is not surprising that the philosophy known as Existentialism became a significant force. Not only philosophers but also artists in different disciplines saw mankind as lost, 'thrown' from grace into a graceless universe which no longer gave purpose and meaning to existence. In the pale, death-like faces of concentration camp survivors one recognized the fragility of human life, realized how inconsequential - ineffective - the individual was against the monstrousness of the Totalitarian State which Hitler and his National Socialists - Germany - had created. And, if the barbarism of the Final Solution and the cataclysmic destruction in Japan could happen, if human beings could imagine and create these infamies, where was God in the Universe Where was a moral center In his 1954 film Forbidden Games, Rene Clement and his screenwriters depict the effect of war's barbarity on a little girl whose parents have been killed as they were fleeing from the city. The girl, Paulette, is taken in by a family of peasant farmers and develops a close relationship with the family's young son, Michel. Their attempts to make sense of death become Clement's expression of an existentialist perspective; the children create a world that is not rational but which at least gives them a structure that has meaning to them. To an existentialist, the world has no meaning other than what we give it because no ultimate order or meaning exists outside of our own being, i.e. there is no a priori consciousness, as rationalist philosophers asserted. Human beings are 'thrown' into existence without having chosen it. They are cut adrift. Consequently, we make decisions based on what has meaning to us, not necessarily based on what might be considered rational. Though we try to avoid anxiety by being rational, an existentialist would insist that doing so only keep us from being free. Moreover, there is an aspect of Existentialism that considers humans and the world absurd; with no external purpose or meaning, our attempts to create meaning are laughable because they are merely rationalizations and therefore futile - absurd. At the very beginning of Forbidden Games, Clement presents a scene that is almost an encapsulation of existentialism. Paulette is not the only one cast adrift. Hundreds if not thousands of people are fleeing the city, fleeing what is familiar to them in the face of what seems irrational, to escape its - and their - destruction by German bombers and fighter planes. But when her parents are killed, the girl is literally thrown into a world she did not choose. The death of her dog Jock further isolates her. Even when she is taken in and surrounded by the Dolle family her isolation is apparent. What ensues between Paulette and Michel becomes the heart of the film and oddly echoes The Grand